REHOBOTH BEACH

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

PDF Document with Index and Maps

Approved - August 18, 2003

Mayor and Commissioners of the City of Rehoboth Beach

Certified - August 19, 2004

Office of State Planning Coordination

Constance C. Holland, AICP, Director

1.     INTRODUCTION

1.1        PURPOSE

The Comprehensive Development Plan is the principal document outlining the City of Rehoboth Beach’s goals and policies regarding the use of land. It has been designed as a policy statement that should remain valid in the face of change over the years. Properly used, the Plan is the basis for decision-making at all levels of government and will guide the public and private sectors toward beneficial activities affecting its people and land.

This Plan has several specific purposes:

#          Create a unified set of goals for change and development within and surrounding the City.

#      Become the central source of guidance on proposed public activities by coordinating them to ensure that each contributes to the adopted goals.

#      Apply the individual tools of planning within the framework of an overall Plan so that regulation is not arbitrarily applied.

#      Guide private land use decisions by providing information on the overall direction of the community.

#      Provide analysis and policies that will allow assimilation of the unexpected to the City’s advantage, turning problem into opportunity.

#      Preserve the more fragile among desirable land use arrangements and harmonize the sometimes conflicting desires of preserving an asset and using it.

And the final purpose is to...

#      Help Rehoboth Beach operates as a “citizen” of Delaware by adopting and following the Land Use Goals for Delaware.

In 1999, the Delaware Cabinet Committee on State Planning Issues approved the “Strategies for State Policies and Spending” which included an updated set of eleven Land Use Goals for Delaware:

#          Direct investment and future development to existing communities, urban concentrations, and growth areas.

#      Protect important farmlands and critical natural resource areas.

#      Improve housing quality, variety, and affordability for all income groups.

#      Ensure objective measurement of long-term community effects of land use policies and infrastructure investments.

#      Streamline regulatory processes and provide flexible incentives and disincentives to encourage growth in desired areas.

#      Encourage redevelopment and improve livability of existing communities and urban areas, and guide new employment into underused commercial and industrial sites.

#      Provide high quality employment opportunities for citizens with various skill levels to retain and attract a diverse economic base.

#      Protect the state's water supplies, open spaces, farmlands, and communities by encouraging revitalization of existing water and wastewater systems and the construction of new systems.

#      Promote mobility for people and goods through a balanced system of transportation options.

#      Improve access to educational opportunities, health care, and human services for all Delawareans.

#      Coordinate public policy planning and decisions among state, counties and municipalities.

This Plan supports all of these “Livable Delaware” goals and recognizes that those with land use implications and critical natural resource relationships, i.e., inland bays and ocean, and water quality, are particularly important to Rehoboth Beach. With its very limited land area, transportation access opportunities, and vacant land, as well as the importance of its surrounding waterways, Rehoboth is disproportionately impacted by land use and transportation decisions made by other jurisdictions. The very success of local decisions in Rehoboth have attracted development on its edges whose long-term environmental, financial, and transportation impacts are unexamined and potentially detrimental to the quality of life of residents, visitors, and the community as a whole.

At the same time, Rehoboth can make better decisions about its own future. The critical element of this Plan is the Vision of the City of Rehoboth Beach. All of the goals, policies, and actions flow from this Vision as a means to move from where we are today to where we want to be in 15 or 20 years. Clearly, some steps are of higher priority than others and, just as clearly, some steps are easy and straightforward while others are more uncertain and require further community dialog and background effort. The Vision invites reflection, examination, and understanding.

The Comprehensive Development Plan provides the policy framework for making choices about growth, change, and preservation. With its adoption, all citizens will be aware of the fundamental background against which decisions will be made.  Each choice about the overall health and well-being of Rehoboth will not have to be made anew if this Plan is adopted and used as an accepted basis for decision-making.  The 2003 Plan is the single, comprehensive source of information and direction about the future growth and management of Rehoboth Beach.

1.2        PROCEDURE AND AUTHORITY

The State of Delaware requires that each municipality prepare a comprehensive development plan and that the plan be reviewed and updated every five years.  Plan preparation and revision is the responsibility of the Rehoboth Beach Planning Commission, a group of citizen volunteers with an interest in and long-term commitment to discovering the most appropriate uses of the physical and fiscal resources of their community and coordinating those uses with surrounding jurisdictions. In carrying out its responsibilities, the Planning Commission has chosen to base this update on the efforts and ideas of its residents and property owners. In developing the 1996 Plan, the Planning Commission gathered data, debated issues and possible solutions, and, through the establishment of work groups and public hearings sought widespread community input and advice. It was a “home-grown” plan that taught its many contributors the complexity and excitement of thinking about the future and moving it through the political framework.

Because the 1996 Plan was the first comprehensive look at Rehoboth in many years, it was careful to spell out a series of “visions” for the City as well as dozens of specific actions to be taken to achieve those visions. Happily, many of the recommended actions have been accomplished. Chief among them was the establishment of a thriving “Main Street” organization and the successful creation and funding of a downtown development plan. Other initiatives failed – most dramatically, the attempt to revamp the zoning ordinance for better preservation of residential design character.

Notwithstanding the State’s mandate, the City’s successes and setbacks, as well as economic and social change in the five years since 1996 also call for a review of the Plan to find if its provisions are still relevant to new conditions. This Plan is the product of that review. It was prepared with  important contributions from individual citizens and organizations.

Delaware requires that a comprehensive development plan contain, at a minimum, “a municipal development strategy setting forth the jurisdiction’s position on population and housing growth within the jurisdiction, expansion of its boundaries, development of adjacent areas, redevelopment potential, community character, and the general uses of land within the community, and critical community development and infrastructure issues. The comprehensive planning process shall demonstrate coordination with other municipalities, the county and the State during plan preparation.”

In acknowledgment of successfully meeting these conditions, Delaware confers the Plan with a special standing...”After a comprehensive plan or portion thereof has been adopted by the municipality in accordance to this chapter, the comprehensive plan shall have the force of law and no development shall be permitted except as consistent with the plan” (from §702(d), Title 22, Delaware Code). This status places a particular burden on the writers of the plan and the elected officials considering its adoption. The provisions of the plan define the stage for future growth and change – zoning, subdivision regulations, code enforcement, and infrastructure investment follow and implement the plan. This means that the plan must speak in a clear and strong voice to every citizen, administrator, and official of Rehoboth.

2.     THE SETTING

2.1        LOCAL HISTORY

Rehoboth Beach traces its development as a summer resort to 1872, when a group of Wilmington Methodists agreed to establish a camp meeting ground and religious resort on the model of Ocean Grove, New Jersey. The following year, the Association purchased 414 acres on the coast and laid out meeting grounds, streets, and lots. The “Rehoboth Camp Meeting Association of the Methodist Episcopal Church” was formally established on January 27, 1873, and camp meetings began to be held the following summer. Small frame houses called “tents” were built surrounding a central tabernacle. Two hotels, the Surf and the Bright, were constructed to serve the influx of camp goers; a post office was opened, and a boardwalk was built.

As more and more summer visitors took an interest in visiting the Rehoboth Camp Meeting Grounds, the activities there commenced to take on a more secular flavor rather than a religious one. The nearest railroad station was six miles away at Lewes, however, and the relative inaccessibility of the area restrained growth. This situation changed in 1878 when the Junction and Breakwater Railroad began passenger and freight service to Rehoboth and constructed a depot on the west side of town. The Henlopen Hotel was built in 1879, providing additional accommodations for rail-borne vacationers. By 1881, camp meetings were discontinued, but were renewed by local Methodists in the 1890's and continued until the early 1900's.

Rail service to the resort was enhanced in 1884 by the extension of the main line to the east along Rehoboth Avenue, bringing it within a few hundred feet of the shoreline, and the construction of a spur to the south, ending at the junction of Philadelphia Street and Laurel Avenue where it served various commercial enterprises including a concrete block factory and a fish pond.

By the end of the 1880's, three leading figures of the resort realized that a more regular form of government was needed and they petitioned the State’s General Assembly for a new charter. On March 19, 1891, the General Assembly agreed and repealed the former charter of the Camp Meeting Association (and of its successor, the Rehoboth Beach Association). A new charter was issued, establishing the area that had comprised the camp meeting grounds as an incorporated municipality. Its central purpose was stated as “the providing and maintaining of a permanent seaside resort, and to furnish the necessary and proper conveniences and attractions requisite to the success of same.”

The turn of the twentieth century saw numerous public improvements in the community. The Lewes-Rehoboth Canal project promised to improve freight transportation in the area. Telephone service was started in 1899, gas lighting was authorized in 1905, and electric service initiated three years later. The first beach concessions were opened in 1903, the year the town elected its first mayor. The town hall was built in 1906, and the fire company was organized the same year. The public school opened in 1901 and received a new building in 1908. By 1913, public water was available in Rehoboth.

A fire in 1913 devastated parts of Rehoboth and Baltimore avenues, destroying a church, ten houses, two stores, a four-story hotel, and a barn. The following year a storm washed out Surf Avenue and destroyed the boardwalk, pier, and pavilions.

The City’s residential area expanded in the 1920's (coinciding with the achievement of effective control of mosquitoes). In 1923, 150 acres of farmland adjacent to the City limits on the south was developed as a residential subdivision called Rehoboth Heights. This property became part of an annexation in 1926 which increased the City’s boundaries south to Silver Lake.

Rehoboth’s substantial growth during the 1920's is attributable largely to road improvements which made the resort more readily accessible to tourists. The City was linked to the concrete road leading to Georgetown by means of a drawbridge in 1925. The streets within the town were first paved in 1927; in the same year, the railroad spur to Laurel Avenue was discontinued, reflecting the increasing ascendancy of motor transportation. Passenger rail service was abandoned the following year. The lighthouse was moved to its present site in 1928(and completely rebuilt in 1996). Between 1928 and 1931, roads were constructed which linked Rehoboth with the newly-completed DuPont Highway. The effect this had on the resort community is reflected in the population figures. In 1922, Rehoboth had 690 winter and 4,500 summer residents. By 1931, these numbers had grown to 795 winter and 6,000 summer residents. Six years later, the City boasted 912 winter residents and its summer population tripled to 18,000. School construction began in 1939 and classes started in 1940.  In 1959, the second school opened. A storm destroyed the boardwalk and some oceanfront property in 1962. The Town Hall was dedicated in 1965.  In 1969, the City of Rehoboth Beach once again expanded its borders by annexing the Schoolview neighborhood.  Around 1950, this property was purchased and had developed in response to the building boom that took place after World War II.  In the late 1960s, the Country Club Estates subdivision was developed on land that had previously been the Rehoboth Beach Country Club and golf course. The Anna Hazzard Museum opened in 1976, the library moved to its present site in 1985 and an extensive renovation was completed in 2000. The railroad station was moved to its current location in 1987 and, in 1988, the City received its first award as a Tree City, USA. The boardwalk was again destroyed by a storm in 1992.

[Sources: Sarah L. Burks and Kristi L. Guessing, “Rehoboth Beach, Sussex County, Delaware: Architectural Survey Report, “ August, 1994; and Steven H. Moffson, “Architectural Survey of Rehoboth Beach, Delaware,” August, 1990. Both manuscripts are on file at the Delaware State Historic Preservation Office, Dover, Delaware. This overview also incorporates the comments and contributions of Warren MacDonald, President, Rehoboth Beach Historical Society.]

2.2        Local Population and Housing

According to the 2000 Census, Rehoboth Beach has 1,495 full-time residents with a median age of 57 (a drop from a median age of 59 in 1990). Nearly 45% of these residents are over age 60 (nearly 49% were over age 60 in 1990). While the full-time population of the City is quite small, the vacation season boosts the number significantly. The daily population of Rehoboth Beach (residents and non-resident visitors) in undocumented estimates ranges from a low of 16,000 in April to a high of possibly 50,000 persons in August.

Several studies over the last decade have included population projections for the Rehoboth Beach area (see Sussex 2005: A Program For The Future - Sussex County; Rehoboth Beach Capacity Study - University of Delaware; and The Coastal Sussex Land Use Plan - Sussex County) and all of them agree that the permanent population of the town will not change significantly in the foreseeable future. Review of the population projections leads to two conclusions:

#          The number of permanent or overnight visitors inside the City limits of Rehoboth Beach is not expected to increase significantly unless there is a drastic change in the use of housing stock or zoning;

#      The day visitor population has the potential to increase dramatically as a result of the increase in permanent and seasonal housing in the rest of eastern Sussex County and the increasing mobility of the population.

According to the 1990 Census, Rehoboth Beach contained 3117 dwelling units with a median owner-occupied housing value of $202,300. This median housing value was exceeded by Dewey Beach, Fenwick Island, Henlopen Acres, and South Bethany, but these communities had a combined total of only 259 owner-occupied units in 1990. Year 2000 Census information on housing value was not available for this Plan but the real estate industry reports that home prices in Rehoboth have risen a startling 300% over the past decade.

            *Nearly 80% of these units are classified as “ For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use.” These are

                 vacant units used or intended for use only in certain seasons, for weekends, or other occasional use

                 throughout the year. Seasonal  units include those used for summer or winter sports or recreation, such

                 as beach cottages and hunting cabins.

Rehoboth has added only 50 dwelling units and 261 new residents since 1990, but this does not mean that no change has occurred. The use of the housing stock has begun to significantly change and may continue to do so over the next twenty years. The number of permanent citizens has increased by over 21% in the last ten years, which is more than the 17.6% statewide growth. Much of this can be attributed to retiree-aged population. Baby boomers will begin to retire in large number in 2008 (when the oldest turn 62). While significant changes in city infrastructure may not be necessary, these additional permanent citizens will have an impact on city appointees, employment, small businesses, volunteering, voting population, and other areas.

The lack of raw land for residential expansion has caused significant redevelopment, numerous partitionings, and a vast increase in the value of residential property. This type of activity, while not producing large increases in population, is producing an increase in housing density, increased pressure on the remaining green areas (both public and private), and a change in the visual personality of the community.

The above statistics indicate that only 20% of the residences are full-time owner-occupied while approximately 80% of the residences are not claimed as an owner-occupied dwelling (the corresponding figures in 1990 were 15% and 85% respectively). The best opinion is that most units, in whole or in part, are offered for rent, for at least some part of the year. Year-round residences are uniformly scattered throughout the City with little visual difference between full and part-time occupancy except for activity on the street. A street by street inspection in 1994 found 2,650 rental units, some 200 units are rented year-round and the remainder are seasonal, monthly, weekly or subweekly rentals. The 2000 Census identified 1,918 vacant housing units that were available for “seasonal, recreational, or occasional” use. Of the 2,650 rental units located in 1994, only about 1,000 (38%) were at that time licensed by the City. Assuming a $5000/yr average rental income, private rentals within the City generate somewhere in the neighborhood of $13,250,000.

2.3        Impacts From Surrounding Areas

Like many coastal counties, Sussex County has experienced explosive growth over the last thirty years with significant land use, environmental, and transportation impacts on Rehoboth Beach. The population of Sussex County increased from 80,356 in 1970 to 156,638 in 2000 (95%). The large seasonal population can increase the base population by more than 200% on peak summer weekends. The population is expected to increase an additional 55% by 2020. The number of households is projected to increase from 62,577 in 2000 to 73,282 in 2020.

Until the mid-1990s, most of the County’s growth occurred in the coastal communities and the coastline of the Inland Bays (Indian River Bay, Little Assawoman, and Rehoboth Bay) and their tributaries. In the mid-1990s, the growth pattern of the County changed as growth along the highway corridors increased and development shifted inland away from the beachfront areas that are largely built out. Development has also shifted to moderately priced homes, large subdivisions, and golf course communities, many of which serve a growing year-round population that includes many retirees attracted to the area by its natural environment and low property taxes.

According to “Projected Population Growth and the New Arithmetic of Development in Delaware, 1990-2020 (Ames and Dear, University of Delaware, May, 1999), the four County Census Divisions of Eastern Coastal Section (Milton, Lewes, Millsboro, and Selbyville/Frankford)...

 “will grow from a population of 50,527 to one of 88,575 – accounting for nearly 50% of the County’s population. In addition, they will host much of the substantial seasonal resort and retirement population. This increase of 38,048 persons represents a projected growth of 75%. Households will increase by 108% during the same period increasing from 20,671 in 1990 to 40,043 in 2020.

“Eastern Sussex County will become increasingly urbanized along the spine of SR1 as a rapidly growing influx of retirees adds year-round residents to coastal resort areas. By the year 2020, nearly all of the County’s growth is projected to come from the in migration of mostly older persons who will settle in the east.”

This rapid pace of development has caused a number of environmental problems. Wastewater treatment plants serve approximately 28% of the County’s population and are an important source of nutrient problems. Overall, Rehoboth Bay receives nutrient input from “point sources” (e.g sewage treatment plants) and “nonpoint sources” such as agricultural runoff, urban storm water runoff, septic tanks and the atmosphere. (Delaware Inland Bays Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan, June 1995). More than 18,000 onsite sewage disposal systems are permitted in the drainage basin of the Inland Bays and discharge as much as 480,000 pounds of nitrogen and 250,000 pounds of phosphorus to soils annually with much of the nitrogen entering the groundwater. One hundred percent of the region’s drinking water and irrigation water comes from groundwater. Bacterial loadings have led to the partial closure of shellfish harvesting waters in all three bays and development has resulted in the loss and alteration of sensitive habitat and an increase in storm water runoff pollution.

Population growth has also increased demand for many County services and has placed additional demands on all of the incorporated coastal communities for access to their amenities, their parking and community facilities, libraries and transportation, and police and fire services. Outlying commercial growth has also reshaped the character of the traditional downtowns of the coastal cities. County officials have generally been supportive of growth and development because it increases the tax base allowing expanded services without a corresponding increase in property taxes. In many respects, development along the coast has been a source of funds to support services away from the coast. With much of the growth occurring in unincorporated areas of the County adjacent to existing coastal communities, the older towns face growing demand on their infrastructure and services with no opportunity to derive funds from the growth that causes the demand.

Population impacts are probably best captured by the traffic situation on SR1. Since the 1960s, SR1 north of Rehoboth Beach has been widened from two lanes to six, intersections have been improved, turn-lanes added, and lights have been timed to aid flow, in an attempt to deal with new commercial development in the area. But traffic movement has continued to slow down. Traffic has nearly tripled over this period to more than 35,000 vehicle trips on an average day and to more than 80,000 trips on the busiest weekend days. With basic commercial services leaving the coastal towns to join commercial concentrations along SR1, local residents are forced to add their numbers to the growing congestion. This is clearly reflected by the fact that over the past 10 years, total vehicle miles traveled in Sussex County has risen by 24%. The history of a lack of coordination between the City’s transportation needs, the County’s land use decisions, and DelDOT’s highway projects is a distinguishing characteristic of the growth-related planning problems facing the area’s coastal communities.

These concerns about the impacts of surrounding growth on the future of Rehoboth Beach are discussed further in this Plan in Chapter 8, Land Use and Regulatory Planning.

3.     THE VISIONS

3.1        The Challenge

This Comprehensive Development Plan seeks to assure that Rehoboth Beach maintains its character as a comfortable, small town and an active, prosperous resort.  And that in its growth and change, it encompasses these seemingly divergent goals and remains a place of natural beauty and a place of intense activity as well as a community of stability for its residents and visitors and a community of opportunity for its businesses.

Specifically, the Comprehensive Development Plan seeks to address several challenges of growth and change:

#          The need to guide development throughout the City, as it is faced with physical or functional changes.

#          The need to keep the City's resources and services abreast of the projected demands for resources and services, both for residents and visitors.

#          The need to assure stewardship of natural resources and address the unique environmental demands of a coastal community.

#          The need to plan and coordinate all changes in ways that ensure the continued residential ambiance, resort attractiveness, favorable business climate, and overall health and well-being of the City.

Rehoboth Beach is now and will remain a town within a town. It has three sets of active users--residents, property owners, and visitors. It has two physical identities -- residential community and resort. And it has two levels of municipal service -- local and regional. Maintaining balance among these various identities is a continuing challenge of management for traffic, parking, transportation choices, oceanfront land use, municipal service, business stability, commercial and neighborhood appearance, and governance. Rehoboth Beach will achieve this balance, using the Comprehensive Development Plan to give constant attention to the long-term foundations of the community -- its ocean and beach, its adjacent waterways, its residential and commercial neighborhoods, its transportation network and alternative modes of travel, and its public and private services.

The process used to develop the Comprehensive Development Plan centered on the creation of a "Vision" for Rehoboth Beach. Initially conceived in 1996 by its residents and property owners, the vision is a description of the City as it should exist some 15 to 20 years in the future. The vision does not focus on what is wrong, it focuses on what is possible, and describes Rehoboth Beach as though these possibilities have already been achieved. It is built upon those aspects of Rehoboth that make it a desirable place to live and work -- the beachfront, its visitors, the quality of its residential areas, the level of community services, and the nature of its business community. Each of these elements has a strong vision and value associated with it.

The vision of a future Rehoboth Beach developed by the 1996 Long Range Planning Committee was confirmed and refined by the 2002 Planning Commission. Subcommittees of the larger 1996 group – Residential Communities, Community Design and Preservation, Commercial, Open Space, Infrastructure, and Annexation – analyzed the vision from their special perspectives and identified current community trends and issues that would positively or negatively affect the make-up of the vision. These groups also identified ways to build upon or correct these trends. These same elements were addressed by the Planning Commission in 2002.

The ideas about how to achieve the vision are the heart of the Comprehensive Development Plan and are the basis of the recommended actions necessary to create the Rehoboth of the future.

3.2        The Visions

A Vision for Water Resources:

Rehoboth Beach's careful use and preservation of its ocean, beach, canal, and adjacent waterways is at the heart of its social and economic vitality.

The highest priority in Rehoboth Beach is the care and protection of its great natural resources -- the ocean, beach, canal, lakes, and adjacent waterways. The City provides careful access to the water, protects views to and from the water, maintains an appropriate scale and use of structures along the water, supplies the public facilities necessary for users of the water, and works collaboratively with State and federal agencies to ensure their maintenance. The guiding principles are preservation of the natural processes at work along the ocean, beach, canal, inland bays, and lakes and continuation of the neighborly appeal of Rehoboth's water areas.

A Vision of Town Character and Community Services:

Rehoboth Beach is a year-round, full-service community with seasonal tourism as its major industry. It maintains a significant town infrastructure to serve all of its community interests -- its natural environment, its residences, its businesses, its tourists, and its regional function.

Rehoboth Beach is a self-sustaining and physically integrated community where residents, property owners, and tourists, be they retirees, business people, individuals, or families may find a home, recreation, security, and a sense of permanence and pride that characterize our best towns. It is a careful blend of residence and resort that draws a loyal tourist clientele to its activities and places the car, bus, and truck are accommodated, but the balance is “tilted” to the pedestrian, the bicyclist, and other non-auto users. It has identified the community-serving elements that are critical to maintain living quality such as open spaces, libraries, senior facilities, and places of worship and strives to provide them. Particularly important is the provision of 21^st Century technology to the community so that the best communication access possible is available to government, business, and neighbors. The town is not only the key supplier of essential needs and services to its own residents and visitors but also to the residents of surrounding areas. This regional function helps maintain services that the community cannot sustain on its own. And just as it is constructed to accommodate the variety of its citizens and visitors, its members have built the organizations and tools for self-determination necessary to achieve this variety.

A Vision for Neighborhoods

Rehoboth Beach's residential areas are reminiscent of a "bygone" era and reflect a small town neighborliness.

Rehoboth Beach is a retreat of green places, ocean spaces, and pleasant memories. It is a community that takes special pride in the care and appearance of its property, buildings, and streets, in the quality and the preservation of its natural environment, its history and historic places, and in the retention of its places of special beauty and interest. It gives continuous attention to the physical connections between past and present, between home and work, and between resident and visitor. Its neighborhoods are orderly, walkable, “bikeable,” and diverse in architecture, dwelling type, spacing, and size. All property owners share responsibility for the year-round care and appearance of their properties.

A Vision for Business

Rehoboth Beach's downtown is a balanced mix of year-round and seasonal businesses with a distinctive, pedestrian character.

The downtown of Rehoboth Beach is readily identifiable in extent, non-uniform in its mix of businesses, and controlled in architecture and signage. The “residential” scale of its buildings is linked to its surroundings and the pedestrian. It is oriented to walkers first, automobiles second and contains a mix of private and public uses, year-round and seasonal operations, and is dominated by locally-owned, small businesses. All of the business operators and property owners share a responsibility for the year-round care and appearance of their establishments as a way of maintaining the overall viability of the downtown area.

4.      THE OCEAN, INLAND BAYS, AND WATERWAYS

The City’s Goals are to…

Maintain physical and visual access to the ocean and other waterbodies

Control the scale and use of structures along the ocean and other waterbodies

Protect the natural functioning of ocean, bay, lake, and canal ecology

4.1        The Ocean and Beach